Opioids are usually prescribed for their pain relieving properties. Opioids can be taken as crushed pills, snorted and injected, or taken orally. A number of overdose deaths can be resulted from incorrect routes of administration. Snorting or injecting them can result in a rapid release of the drugs in the bloodstream, exposing high doses to the person and causing overdose reactions.
Opioids attach to specific proteins called opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord and gastrointestinal tract. When the compounds attach to certain opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, they can change the way the person experiences pain. These medications can also affect regions of the brain associated with the perception of pleasure, resulting in euphoria or a sense of wellbeing. Repeated abuse of opioids can lead to addiction.
Opioids can produce:
- Depressed breathing
- Drowsiness
- Constipation
- Respiratory depression
- Death
As with other substances, an opioid use disorder involves using the drug in larger amounts over a longer period of time than was intended. The individual makes unsuccessful attempts to stop using and spends much time engaging in behaviour associated with use. They experience cravings, fail to undertake their obligations because of use and problems affect many aspects of their daily lives.
Individuals who have been prescribed opioids may develop a physical dependence on them, so they should only stop taking medication under appropriate medical supervision. Typical symptoms of withdrawal include:
- Restlessness
- Muscle pain
- Bone pain
- Insomnia
- Diarrhoea
- Cold flashes (cold turkey)
- Vomiting
- Involuntary leg movements
